1 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agharkar Research Institute, Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India. Email vphilipsari@yahoo.com
A study was done on duration of reproductive stages (R1 to R8) of soybean in relation to seed yield using 56 soybean varieties. Wide range of variability was observed for these traits. Significant negative correlation was revealed between seed yield and days taken to physiological maturity stage (R7). Possible use of these characters in breeding for yield improvement in soybean is suggested.
Soybean varieties with high yield potential can be developed for sub tropical climate by selection based on reduced reproductive growth phases.
Key Words
Growth phases, R1 to R8, Varieties, Soybean,
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) originated in China many centuries ago and now is grown around the world because of its adaptation as well as its uses. In India it is one of the important oilseed crop with respect to area and production and is grown around a latitude range of 16o to 260 N and longitude range of 730 to 840 E. Soybean is mainly grown as a rainy season crop under rainfed conditions resulting in lower productivity in the country as compared to the world over. The wide range of growing areas resulted in development of many high yielding varieties and these show a lot of variations in the duration of reproductive stages when grown in different regions. Earlier attempts were made to study response of soybean at different growth stages to soil moisture, drought and maturity (Rakchum et al. 2003, Desclaux and Roumet 1996 and Egli 1994). An attempt has been made to study the duration of different reproductive stages and its effect on yield of 56 soybean varieties developed at different research institutes in India and grown at one place with uniform conditions.
A field trial was conducted with 56 soybean varieties in RBD (S.D.-24/7/02) at the institute’s farm located at 18o N latitude and 78o longitude and altitude of 600 meters above mean sea level. The different growth stages of soybean have been defined (Fehr et al. 1971) as vegetative growth stages (V stages) and reproductive growth stages (R stages). The reproductive growth stages are R1- appearance of first flower, R2 - 50% flowering, R3 - pod initiation, R4 - full pod formation, R5 - seed initiation, R6 - full seed formation, R7 - physiological maturity and R8 - harvest maturity. Data on days required to attain all these stages in different varieties were recorded and analysed statistically. The difference in days to achieve different growth stages were calculated and correlated to yield.
Significant differences were found between varieties for days to different reproductive stages (R1 to R8) and yield (Table 1). Varieties showed significantly higher and lower differences in R1 to R8 stages. Thirty-three varieties showed more yield than mean and was significant in case of five varieties, viz. JS80-21, GS 1, Punjab 1, PK 308 and JS 335. The difference between days to R7 and other stages showed significantly negative correlation with yield (Table 2). Nine varieties with significantly less difference in achieving R7 gave more yield than mean (Punjab 1, JS 335, MACS 57, NRC 37, T 49, JS 90-41, IP, MAUS 47 and Monetta). MACS 330 showed the shortest reproductive phase.
Table 1. Mean values for yield and duration of reproductive stages in soybean.
Sr. |
|
Seed yield |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
1 |
ALANKAR |
1653 |
33 |
37 |
46 |
48 |
54 |
70 |
88 |
98 |
** | |||||||
2 |
ANKUR |
1606 |
29 |
## |
34 |
# |
40 |
# |
49 |
54 |
67 |
84 |
95 |
|||||
3 |
BRAGG |
2367 |
32 |
34 |
# |
41 |
52 |
56 |
72 |
88 |
96 |
* | ||||||
4 |
CO 1 |
1436 |
42 |
** |
45 |
** |
51 |
** |
57 |
** |
60 |
** |
78 |
** |
91 |
** |
99 |
** |
5 |
CO 2 |
2267 |
33 |
35 |
41 |
46 |
# |
54 |
68 |
80 |
# |
89 |
# | |||||
6 |
GS 1 |
3386** |
36 |
* |
39 |
* |
51 |
** |
56 |
* |
58 |
74 |
86 |
95 |
||||
7 |
HARDEE |
1111# |
35 |
39 |
* |
52 |
** |
56 |
* |
58 |
74 |
92 |
** |
101 |
** | |||
8 |
HIMSO 1563 |
934## |
29 |
## |
33 |
## |
40 |
# |
49 |
54 |
66 |
86 |
90 |
|||||
9 |
IMPR.PELIC |
2047 |
35 |
40 |
** |
53 |
** |
55 |
57 |
76 |
** |
87 |
96 |
* | ||||
10 |
INDIRA SOY |
2256 |
33 |
40 |
** |
52 |
** |
56 |
* |
58 |
73 |
88 |
98 |
** | ||||
11 |
JS 335 |
2678* |
33 |
35 |
41 |
48 |
54 |
67 |
78 |
## |
87 |
## | ||||||
12 |
JS 71 05 |
1256 |
25 |
## |
30 |
## |
36 |
## |
42 |
## |
48 |
## |
63 |
## |
80 |
# |
87 |
## |
13 |
JS 72 280 |
2359 |
36 |
** |
40 |
** |
51 |
** |
55 |
58 |
74 |
88 |
95 |
|||||
14 |
JS 72 44 |
2506 |
34 |
36 |
48 |
54 |
57 |
76 |
** |
88 |
96 |
* | ||||||
15 |
JS 75 46 |
1520 |
35 |
40 |
** |
49 |
54 |
57 |
74 |
87 |
95 |
|||||||
16 |
JS 76 205 |
1661 |
34 |
36 |
48 |
52 |
55 |
69 |
84 |
87 |
## | |||||||
17 |
JS 79 81 |
147## |
32 |
34 |
# |
48 |
55 |
57 |
70 |
86 |
95 |
|||||||
18 |
JS 80 21 |
3423** |
36 |
** |
40 |
** |
44 |
51 |
57 |
76 |
** |
87 |
96 |
* | ||||
19 |
JS 90 41 |
2067 |
32 |
34 |
# |
42 |
52 |
55 |
68 |
78 |
## |
87 |
## | |||||
20 |
KALITUR |
817## |
31 |
# |
33 |
## |
37 |
## |
45 |
## |
54 |
70 |
84 |
95 |
||||
21 |
KB 79 |
2072 |
32 |
34 |
# |
43 |
48 |
54 |
68 |
82 |
95 |
|||||||
22 |
KHSb 2 |
1989 |
33 |
41 |
** |
48 |
54 |
58 |
78 |
** |
92 |
** |
101 |
** | ||||
23 |
LEE |
1070# |
40 |
** |
43 |
** |
52 |
** |
57 |
** |
59 |
* |
76 |
** |
88 |
98 |
** | |
24 |
MACS 124 |
2198 |
39 |
** |
43 |
** |
50 |
* |
54 |
57 |
74 |
87 |
95 |
|||||
25 |
MACS 13 |
2631 |
36 |
** |
42 |
** |
53 |
** |
57 |
** |
59 |
* |
76 |
** |
88 |
98 |
** | |
26 |
MACS 330 |
1475 |
29 |
## |
32 |
## |
35 |
## |
42 |
## |
49 |
## |
55 |
## |
66 |
## |
73 |
## |
27 |
MACS 450 |
2242 |
33 |
35 |
47 |
52 |
55 |
69 |
84 |
91 |
||||||||
28 |
MACS 57 |
2447 |
35 |
39 |
* |
44 |
50 |
54 |
71 |
80 |
# |
87 |
## | |||||
29 |
MACS 754 |
2647 |
33 |
36 |
47 |
52 |
55 |
72 |
85 |
95 |
||||||||
30 |
MACS 58 |
2378 |
33 |
38 |
47 |
53 |
56 |
72 |
84 |
95 |
||||||||
31 |
MAUS 2 |
1192 |
40 |
** |
43 |
** |
48 |
57 |
** |
60 |
** |
74 |
88 |
95 |
||||
Sr. |
|
Seed yield |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
32 |
MAUS 32 |
1611 |
37 |
** |
41 |
** |
50 |
* |
55 |
57 |
74 |
88 |
95 |
|||||
33 |
MAUS 47 |
2003 |
29 |
## |
33 |
## |
37 |
## |
45 |
## |
52 |
# |
65 |
74 |
## |
80 |
## | |
34 |
MONETTA |
1925 |
32 |
32 |
## |
40 |
# |
43 |
## |
52 |
# |
63 |
## |
74 |
## |
80 |
## | |
35 |
NRC 2 |
1678 |
32 |
36 |
45 |
51 |
54 |
68 |
84 |
89 |
# | |||||||
36 |
NRC 12 |
1495 |
27 |
## |
31 |
## |
39 |
## |
49 |
54 |
67 |
84 |
90 |
|||||
37 |
NRC 37 |
2397 |
32 |
36 |
47 |
53 |
55 |
69 |
82 |
89 |
# | |||||||
38 |
NRC 7 |
1106# |
29 |
## |
31 |
## |
37 |
## |
42 |
## |
49 |
## |
67 |
80 |
# |
87 |
## | |
39 |
PK 1024 |
1042# |
29 |
## |
32 |
## |
39 |
## |
47 |
52 |
# |
68 |
86 |
93 |
||||
40 |
PK 1029 |
2214 |
32 |
34 |
# |
44 |
52 |
56 |
68 |
86 |
95 |
|||||||
41 |
PK 262 |
1362 |
34 |
37 |
47 |
54 |
57 |
68 |
87 |
95 |
||||||||
42 |
PK 308 |
2856* |
32 |
37 |
51 |
** |
55 |
58 |
74 |
87 |
96 |
* | ||||||
43 |
PK 327 |
1486 |
33 |
36 |
47 |
53 |
57 |
67 |
87 |
95 |
||||||||
44 |
PK 416 |
1773 |
29 |
## |
32 |
## |
39 |
## |
45 |
## |
52 |
# |
62 |
## |
80 |
# |
87 |
## |
45 |
PK 471 |
2350 |
35 |
40 |
** |
47 |
50 |
54 |
68 |
86 |
93 |
|||||||
46 |
PK 472 |
2014 |
35 |
37 |
45 |
52 |
55 |
69 |
86 |
95 |
||||||||
47 |
PK 564 |
2248 |
29 |
## |
32 |
## |
38 |
## |
43 |
## |
52 |
# |
67 |
82 |
87 |
## | ||
48 |
PUNJAB 1 |
2914** |
35 |
40 |
** |
49 |
53 |
56 |
69 |
82 |
87 |
## | ||||||
49 |
PUSA 16 |
2325 |
31 |
# |
35 |
44 |
50 |
55 |
69 |
86 |
95 |
|||||||
50 |
PUSA 20 |
2081 |
32 |
34 |
# |
47 |
53 |
56 |
68 |
86 |
95 |
|||||||
51 |
PUSA 22 |
1428 |
32 |
34 |
# |
43 |
49 |
54 |
68 |
82 |
87 |
## | ||||||
52 |
PUSA 24 |
223## |
32 |
34 |
# |
44 |
49 |
55 |
68 |
87 |
91 |
|||||||
53 |
PUSA 37 |
2609 |
33 |
36 |
48 |
53 |
56 |
68 |
84 |
93 |
||||||||
54 |
SHILAJEET |
2020 |
29 |
## |
32 |
## |
39 |
## |
42 |
## |
54 |
67 |
82 |
87 |
## | |||
55 |
SHIVLIK |
2439 |
35 |
39 |
* |
52 |
** |
54 |
57 |
76 |
** |
87 |
98 |
** | ||||
56 |
T 49 |
2264 |
39 |
** |
45 |
** |
58 |
** |
60 |
** |
66 |
** |
75 |
* |
90 |
** |
98 |
** |
Mean |
1922.94 |
32.89 |
36.37 |
45.29 |
50.98 |
55.45 |
70.00 |
84.43 |
92.47 |
|||||||||
SE |
286.95 |
0.870 |
0.831 |
1.595 |
1.606 |
1.215 |
1.64 |
1.534 |
1.443 |
|||||||||
CD 5% |
730.99 |
2.21 |
2.12 |
4.06 |
4.09 |
3.10 |
4.18 |
3.91 |
3.67 |
|||||||||
CD 1% |
973.48 |
2.95 |
2.82 |
5.41 |
5.45 |
4.12 |
5.56 |
5.21 |
4.89 |
R1 to R8 - Days to appearance of first flower, 50% flowering, pod initiation, full pod formation, seed initiation, full seed formation, Physiological maturity and harvest maturity respectively. *, ** Significantly more than mean at 5% and 1% respectively, #, ## Significantly less than mean at 5% and 1% respectively.
Table 2. Correlation of yield with duration of reproductive stages.
R1 |
R2 |
R3 |
R4 |
R5 |
R6 |
R7 |
R8 | |
R1 |
0.20 |
0.25 |
0.21 |
0.09 |
-0.01 |
0.16 |
-0.17 |
-0.04 |
R2 |
0.26 |
0.11 |
-0.05 |
-0.18 |
0.01 |
-0.30* |
-0.15 | |
R3 |
0.26 |
-0.22 |
-0.24 |
-0.08 |
-0.36** |
-0.22 | ||
R4 |
0.19 |
-0.12 |
0.06 |
-0.30* |
-0.14 | |||
R5 |
0.22 |
0.18 |
-0.22 |
-0.05 | ||||
R6 |
0.26 |
-0.42** |
-0.22 | |||||
R7 |
-0.02 |
-0.22 | ||||||
R8 |
0.08 |
*, ** Significant at 5% and 1% respectively. Figures on the diagonal are correlation of R1 to R8 stages with yield and figures above diagonal are the correlation of yield with respective difference in duration of R8 stages.
Variability is seen to be pronounced in soybean varieties for days to different reproductive stages. There is correlation of yield with days to reproductive stages in soybean. This variability can be exploited to breed varieties with shorter reproductive stages to increase yield.
Desclaux D and Roumet P (1996). Impact of drought stress on the phenology of two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) cultivars. Field Crops Research 46, 61-70.
Egli DB (1994). Cultivar maturity and reproductive growth duration in soybean. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 173, 249-254.
Rakchum S, Yong SJ and Sangin S (2000). Response of soybean cultivars to excessive soil moisture imposed at different growth stages. Korean Journal of Crop Science 45, 282-287.
Fehr WR, Cavines CE, Burmood DT and Pennington JS (1971). Stages of development descriptions for soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Crop Science 11, 929-931.